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In geometry, an Hadamard space, named after Jacques Hadamard, is a non-linear generalization of a Hilbert space. It is defined to be a nonempty〔The assumption on "nonempty" has meaning: a fixed point theorem often states the set of fixed point is an Hadamard space. The main content of such an assertion is that the set is nonempty.〕 complete metric space where, given any points ''x'', ''y'', there exists a point ''m'' such that for every point ''z'', : The point ''m'' is then the midpoint of ''x'' and ''y'': . In a Hilbert space, the above inequality is equality (with ), and in general an Hadamard space is said to be ''flat'' if the above inequality is equality. A flat Hadamard space is isomorphic to a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space. In particular, a normed space is an Hadamard space if and only if it is a Hilbert space. The geometry of Hadamard spaces resembles that of Hilbert spaces, making it a natural setting for the study of rigidity theorems. In an Hadamard space, any two points can be joined by a unique geodesic between them; in particular, it is contractible. Quite generally, if ''B'' is a bounded subset of a metric space, then the center of the closed ball of the minimum radius containing it is called the ''circumcenter'' of ''B''.〔A Course in Metric Geometry, p. 334.〕 Every bounded subset of an Hadamard space is contained in the smallest closed ball (which is the same as the closure of its convex hull). If is the group of isometries of an Hadamard space leaving invariant ''B'', then fixes the circumcenter of ''B''. (Bruhat–Tits fixed point theorem) The basic result for a non-positively curved manifold is the Cartan–Hadamard theorem. The analog holds for an Hadamard space: a complete, connected metric space which is locally isometric to an Hadamard space has an Hadamard space as its universal cover. Its variant applies for non-positively curved orbifolds. (cf. Lurie.) Examples of Hadamard spaces are Hilbert spaces, the Poincaré disc, trees (e.g., Bruhat–Tits building), Cayley graphs of hyperbolic groups or more generally CAT(0) groups, (''p'', ''q'')-space with ''p'', ''q'' ≥ 3 and 2''pq'' ≥ ''p'' + ''q'', and Riemannian manifolds of nonpositive sectional curvature (e.g., symmetric spaces). An Hadamard space is precisely a complete CAT(0) space. Applications of Hadamard spaces are not restricted to geometry. In 1998, Dmitry Burago and Serge Ferleger 〔Burago D., Ferleger S. Uniform estimates on the number of collisions in semi-dispersing billiards. Ann. of Math. 147 (1998), 695-708 〕 used CAT(0) geometry to solve a problem in Dynamical billiards: in a gas of hard balls, is there a uniform bound on the number of collisions? The solution begins by constructing a configuration space for the dynamical system, obtained by joining together copies of corresponding billiard table, which turns out to be an Hadamard space. == See also == * CAT(k) space 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hadamard space」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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